International Operation Management Essay - 3948 Words

4/15/2011 SUMBITED TO: | Sir.Randolph Johnson | improvement analysis | international operation management | Contents: Page no Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Service design process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Product design and process design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Capacity management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Quality management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 * Introduction: Metro Cash amp; Carry : Started in 1964 in Germany with a unique concept which provides full-service solutions from purchase to delivery for professional customers,†¦show more content†¦For example, a hotel may choose to have a Service Design the agency appointed may change the way its menu is set out, or change the layout of the rooms to improve the customers experience. Customers can mean paying clients, but also can be within an organization, so long as they are the direct recipients of a service. The increasing importance and size of the service sector, both in terms of people employed and economic importance, requires services to be accurately designed in order for service providers to remain competitive and to continue to attract customers. Organizations who pioneer in service design apply design tools, techniques and thinking to service challenges, to improve existing services and to create new ones. This is typically done by shadowing service users this technique produces more accurate insights into the usability of a service than traditional remote surveys because what people say they do is frequently different to what they actually do. Concepts and ideas generated are captured in sketches or in service prototypes. The strong visual element, combined with the opportunity to test and rapidly change services and interfaces, delivers real value in todays competitive markets. The following are a few service design techniques that Metro uses to facilitate its customers: * Efficient store concept designed for professional need There are three different storeShow MoreRelatedEmployee Performance Management At International Operations1621 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Given that the essential mission of a human resources management department is to maximize employee contribution in service of an employer s strategic objectives we could say that therefore managing employee performance is one of the core mission of a human resources department. (Johnason, 2009). Some changes in the business environment such as globalization and deregulation of markets are fostering companies’ internationalization. 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Ancient Heroes Human History And Cultures Around The World

Ancient heroes have played an important role pertaining to how we view other people and different societies. Ancient heroes have been and still are vital to human history and cultures around the world. Raglan provides a good list of traits that can be used to determine a hero. However, not all of Raglans points makes sense. With Raglan having weak points, there are points that should be added to his list. Having a hero’s father as a near relative to their mother is not a very substantial heroic trait to have. Another weak trait that Raglan’s heroes have are the fact that they end up somehow becoming king. Even though Raglan has some weak points, he also has strong ones as well. Defeating a wild beast, king, giant or dragon is a strong point that Raglan has. Another, strong point on the list, is of they’re being an attempt to kill the hero as an infant, often by a father or material grandfather. Although, those points are strong, they are not enough. 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Strategic Management Culture of an Organisation

Question: 1. Produce a McKinsey 7-s framework analysis of Virgin Atlantic and explain how sure an approach to the organisation might assist in changing the organisation strategy. 2. Identify what comprises strategic capabilities in terms of organisation resources and competencies and apply the VRIN frame work to assess the capabilities in terms of providing a basis for achieving sustainable competitive advantage. 3.Outline and evaluate the present global corporate strategy through the Bowman's Strategy Clock 4. Potter 5 forces -Identify, analyse and give examples 5. With reference to Stakeholders Mapping: The Power/Interest Matrix, Identify and critically evaluate the impact of company's stakeholders on strategy development. Answer: Introduction Strategic management is the planning for both predictable as well as impracticable possibilities. The identification and description of the strategies that are carried by managers in order to achieve better performance as well as competitive advantage is termed as strategic management. An organization is said to have competitive advantage if profitability is more than average profitability for all companies belonging to the same industry. The bundle of decision and acts undertaken by the manager is also termed as strategic management. Strategic management is a permanent procedure that evaluates and controls the business in which the organization is involved. In other words, it evaluates the competitors and set objectives in order to meet potential competitors (Hill et al. 2013). Virgin Atlantic is a trade name of Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited that is a British airline. Virgin Atlantic mainly uses a mixed fleet of airbus as well as Boeing wide-body aircraft. In terms of passenger volume, Virgin Atlantic became the seventh largest UK airline for carrying more than 54 million passengers in the year 2012. Virgin Atlantic also holds a license that permits it to carry passengers, cargo as well as mail with more than 20 seats. The US and the UK authorities investigated suspected price fixing between Virgin Atlantic and British Airways over passenger fuel surcharges. The company is known to sell a 49 percent stake in the Singapore airline. In the year 2010, Virgin Atlantic had appointed Deutsche Bank in order to begin a planned review of choice for airline (ABUBAKAR 2016). McKinsey 7-s framework analysis Virgin Atlantic McKinsey 7-s framework illustrates how the seven elements of airline business are associated to augment the overall efficiency of the business. The elements are divided into hard and soft groups. The hard elements include strategy, structure and systems, whereas soft elements include shared values, staff, skills and style (Mitchell et al. 2015). Figure: McKinsey 7-s framework analysis (Source: Jurevicius 2013) Strategy Virgin Atlantic pursues the business strategy of service discrimination. The airline mainly differentiates its services through a wide-ranging dependence on digitization as well as information technology. The Virgin Atlantic airline also depends on a high level of customization of service provision. They also have the strategy to fly a profitable airline that customers love to fly. Their strategy is to improve the services of the customers to improve their business. The strategy is also to ensure that they provide the best business product in the air. The Virgin Atlantic team also needs to consider all the major stakeholders to monitor the ever-changing external environment while building future strategy. Effective strategic management is required in order to stave off failure. Virgin Atlantic has been able to execute an effective strategic management by understanding the airline industry properly and changing customer needs. Structure Virgin Atlantic was first painted with a Euro white design with a red stripe through the centre of the main deck windows. The business structure of Virgin Atlantic is hierarchical that in turn reflects the large size of the business (Malbai and Br i 2012). For example, Virgin Atlantic makes the use of mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing aircraft with an average age of 9 years. Virgin became the first airline to function the Airbus A340-600. It also operates with a three-class cabin configuration: Economy, Premium Economy, and Upper Class. This has helped Virgin Atlantic an established business with an effective strategic management. Systems - Virgin Atlantic maintains an industry-specific system in which the company has introduced Google Glass Innovation. The travelers of Virgin Atlantic will be the first air passengers to experience the advantage of pioneering Google Glass technology. It also includes industry-specific system for example; it operates a number of offices and call centres all over the world, with a big office in Swansea, Wales that deals with reservations and sales, baggage claims. Staff The staffs are mainly customer-friendly with a positive attitude. They authentically enjoy helping the travelers and solving their queries. Style - Virgin Atlantic believes in flying in style as it was the first airline to offer personal entertainment for all passengers. For example, Virgin Atlantic provides preflight champagne that is known as the upper class dining. The Upper class features a seat that changes into a completely flat bed and access to chauffeur drive. These features are bound to attract the travelers. Skills - Virgin Atlantic is building on great skills as well as experience that occur in favor of the company. For example, the company had gained skills related to trading over the years that helped the company to gain profit. Shared Values The core part of the value of the business is the strong reputation and loyalty that is endangered by Virgin Atlantic airline limited. The strategy of the organization can be changed, as shared values will help to shape how the organization behaves. Shared values are what stimulate trust. Structure is that organizational chart that will help to divide the task equally among the employees. Strategy will help Virgin Atlantic airline limited to reach the identified goal. The cultural style of Virgin Atlantic airline limited will be defined with the help of style (Burns and Cowlishaw 2014). Application of VRIN framework on strategic capabilities of Virgin Atlantic VRIN framework is useful technique for the analysis of comparative advantage of the firm regarding resources. The VRIN analysis has four components, which are presented below. This framework critically analyses efficiency of firms in resource utilisation (Rothaermel 2015). Figure: VRIN framework (Source: Rothaermel 2015) VRIN analysis of Virgin Atlantic Resources Valuable Rare Inimitable Non substitutable Flight accommodation Yes No Yes Yes Use of cleaner fuel Yes yes Yes Yes In-flight alignment Yes No No No The customer Bill of Rights Yes No No No Valuable resource: In order to get competitive advantage in the market, the firm requires using resources of greater value in production. A resource is said to be valuable if it can provide the firm an opportunity to get sustainable competitive advantage in business. The value of resource utilised by Virgin Atlantic rises, if it can improve consumer perception. The valuable assets may be assets, information and knowledge, strategic capabilities of the firm. The valuable resources enhance the activity of the firm in the competitive market (Agarwal et al. 2012). Virgin Atlantic provides two different class systems to the passengers such as economy class and upper class. Differentiated service is a part of price discrimination strategy of the firm. The economy class is also divided between two categories such as premium economy and economy, which cover other coaches other than premium economy (Simo and Diaz 2012). Sustainability strategy of this firm includes carbon efficiency and new cleaner fuel to reduce wastage of resources. Strategic use of resources makes the resources of Virgin Atlantic valuable. As the value of resources tend to change overtime according to changing environment of business, the value of resources needs to be reviewed overtime (Peng 2013). For example, Virgin Atlantic carried 3.8 million travelers in the year 2003. This increased to 4.6 million in the year 2006. Virgin Atlantic also operated a compassionate aid charter flight to Islamabad, Pakistan, with 55 tonnes of aid for the people affected by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. This helped the company to gain opportunity to get sustainable competitive advantage in business. Virgin Atlantic had been successful in terms of flight accommodation and as a result, it was placed seventh largest UK airline in terms of accommodation. Rare resources Resources are considered rare very few firm in the market holds these. Use of rare resources gives competitive advantage to the firm. The leader firm in the industry has advantage of using rare resources. Use of rare resources gives short term competitive advantage in the market. As airline industry in UK is a competitive industry, there is medium threat of new entry. Air line companies operate in large scale with having economies of scale. The sunk cost of operation is huge in this industry (Lin et al. 2012). Therefore, without having economies of scale, new entrants cannot operate in the industry successfully. Huge finance is needed in the operation. Therefore, losing competitive advantage to the new entrants regarding rare resources is less likely. However, other existing firms follow the strategy of leader firm. Hence, when the rival firms come to know about the rare resources, they can use the same in the production process in order to gain the competitive advantage (Grant 2016) . Use of cleaner fuel is valuable as well as rare resource. Use of cleaner fuel is relatively costly. Therefore, it is not yet used widely. In future this may not be rare resources if the use of cleaner fuel becomes common in airlines. Hence, the firm has to identify new resources to get strategic advantage in the industry. For example, Virgin Atlantic volunteered a Boeing 747 for a test of bio fuels that was planned to reduce emissions of greenhouse gas. The reduction of emission was mainly carried out by cutting weight of aircraft as well as consumption of fuel. Virgin Atlantic also decided to use algae-based bio fuels in the future. This is the part of rare resources since there are very few airlines who will take the risk to make the use of algae-based bio fuels to reduce greenhouse emission. Inimitable and non-substitutable resources The resources are inimitable if the utilization of resources is costly for other organization. The imitation can be in two ways such as direct imitation or duplication and applying comparable resources. According to Kerzner (2013), resources can be costly to imitate if the resources have historical background of usage. If the firm uses a resource for a long time, it gains natural monopoly over the resources and can use the resource at low cost due to having economies of scale (Agha et al. 2012). New firm may not get the advantages. Moreover, if the resource is dependent on firms organizational cultural, resource becomes inimitable and non-substitutable. For example, Virgin Atlantic added Boeing 747 to start a route from Gatwick to Miami. The company also has an order for the Airbus A380-800, with delivery due in 2018. The company had decided to make use of A380-800 as become less efficient to run. With the help of this costly resource, Virgin Atlantic will be able to gain to competitive advantage. Bowman's Strategy Clock Low Price/ Low Value The Company will not prefer to compete in this category. This category is known as the bargain basement bin. Virgin Atlantic will not prefer to be in this position. This is a position in which the company feels the pressure to compete with its competitors. In this position, Virgin Atlantic will not be able to win the loyalty of the customers but they will be able to sustain themselves. Under this strategy, the products provided by Virgin Atlantic will not be of great quality, however the customers will be convinced enough to purchase the product (Radut 2015). For example, if Virgin Atlantic provides a low upper class features in that case the travelers will lose faith on the airline. 2. Low Price - Virgin Atlantic is not a low cost leader and as a result, the company will not be a part of this strategy. The companies under this category drive their prices down in order to bare minimum. However, Virgin Atlantic faced a challenge as with the falling fuel prices. With the falling fuel prices, the company faced a downward pressure on charges. As a result, in order to please the customers Virgin Atlantic needs to trigger price wars to benefit the customers. Figure: Bowman's Strategy Clock (Source: Anon, 2016) Hybrid - Virgin Atlantic is a part of hybrid as hybrid mainly deals with interesting companies. The companies offer products at a lower cost; however, the products are of higher professed value as compared to its customers. They offer great value as well as cargo products to their customers. Virgin Atlantic is very passionate about their customer service and provides the travelers with a choice of meal. The company also ensures that the travelers are provided with pre-requested meal (Shakhshir 2014). For example, Virgin Atlantic provides all the premium services at a reasonable cost so that they meet up to the expectation of the customers. Differentiation - Virgin Atlantic is also a part of differentiation as they provide the passengers with high-perceived value. In this case, the company will either increase the price or maintain themselves through higher marginal profit. Virgin Atlantic itself is a brand that helps the company to follow differentiation strategies. The airline is known for higher customer service and premium prices (Eyvrigh 2016). Focused Differentiation The focused differentiation mainly deals with the high quality services provided by Virgin Atlantic. The services that it provides are of high-perceived value. The travelers will be attracted towards the services depending on the perceived value. The spa and the luxury hotel services provided by Virgin Atlantic are of high-perceived value that is enough to charge large premiums. The travelers will pay for this service if they believe that they will be highly satisfied with the service. For example, Virgin Atlantic established a separate premium economy that included a separate check-in area as well as wider seat with more breathing space. Increased price / Standard Product Under this position, the companies generally increases the price without any increase in the value of products. When the prices are increased, the company starts earning profit (Carter 2013). For example, with the delivery of G-VRED, Virgin commenced a new design, with the fuselage painted in metallic silver and an amended tail fin, with red and purple features and the Virgin logo. High Price / Low value This position for the companies that operates under monopolistic market structure. However, Virgin Atlantic belongs to competitive market structure. The main competitors of Virgin Atlantic are American Airlines Group Inc, British Airways and Air France. Low value / Standard Price When a company follows this position, they are bound to lose market share. As a result, Virgin Atlantic will avoid this position so as hold its position in the market (Grigoletto 2016). Porters 5 forces Entry and Exit of barriers As far as aviation industry are concerned; entry and exit barriers are quite high. This is mainly because; Virgin Atlantic will not be able to exit the sector when they wish to as the regulators often persisting that they will fulfill the contractual compulsion towards the stakeholders. Beside this, Virgin Atlantic is also characterized by tight regulation. This indicates that a regulator needs to be content about the safety aspect in addition to the airworthiness and the economic stability of the carriers. Virgin Atlantic faces an external environment, as the entry barriers are formidable. As a result, it becomes difficult for the new entrants to entrench themselves (Anton 2015). Figure: Porters five forces (Source: Cgma.org, 2016) Industry Rivalry The airline industry is drenched with a number of carriers entering the market in search of profits. In the case of Virgin Atlantic, industry rivalry is very high. There is always a race to the bottom as growing carriers compete for a shrinking traveler tart leading to fare battle. Industry rivalry between airlines is leading to more consolidation and lack of profitability is driving airlines towards mega amalgamation. For example, British Airways (BA) had been the only airline from the United Kingdom serving long-haul routes to destinations in North America. Power of suppliers In the case of Virgin Atlantic, the suppliers are mainly the sellers who supplies carriers as well as makers of Airbus. The suppliers also include the individuals who make extra parts for the airline. The power of suppliers is low as there are a number of suppliers competing for business. The carriers like Virgin Atlantic will have a distinct advantage because if fuel becomes expensive there will be few buyers (Rothaermel 2016). Power of buyers The power of buyers is comparatively higher as airline industry is a buyers market. Virgin Atlantic is a low cost carrier. However, many airlines have successfully imitated the business model of Virgin Atlantic. In other words, the airlines are taking away travelers from Virgin Atlantic. The buyers are mainly spoilt for choice as they have a lot of choice to choose from. The choice includes purchasing online tickets and the removal of the mediator layer with the propagation of online booking straight from the airlines (Porter 2012). Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitutes is not very high in the case of Virgin Atlantic. This is mainly because the individual in the West mainly prefers to travel by air. Due to the ongoing recession, most of the airlines company shifted to teleconferencing in order to reduce the need to travel by air. The Power/Interest Matrix Stakeholders have significant impact on companys decision-making. Stakeholders are customers, suppliers of raw materials and shareholders. Stakeholders management plan includes several aspects such as identification of project, analysis, preparation of action plan etc. The power-interest matrix divides the stakeholders into four groups. There are some stakeholders in the company, who have high power and low interest (De Brucker et al. 2013). Figure: Power/Interest matrix (Source: Kerzner 2013) The firms needs to give priority to this kind of stakeholders and requires o meet their needs. Some stakeholders have high power and high interest on the company. They may be old suppliers or large shareholders, who are engaged with the business closely. The stakeholders, who have low power in companys decision-making, need to be informed about new project development. The stakeholders with low interest and low power in business are given minimum effort. They are less important for business. Therefore, the company has to give minimum effort to retain them in business. Stakeholders, who invest in business, need to know about the action plan of the business (Waligo et al. 2013). Expansion of business in new market requires preplanning. New investment requires finance, which is provided by the stakeholders. Hence, they have interest in business. For example, Virgin Atlantic considers all the key stakeholders to keep them happy. As a result, Virgin Atlantic needs to maintain the same level of success as well as effective strategic management. Conclusion It can be concluded that Virgin Atlantic is not a low cost leader and the power of buyers are comparatively higher as airline industry is a buyers market. Virgin Atlantic is very obsessive about their customer service and provides the explorers with a choice of meal. It has also been concluded that Virgin Atlantic provides preflight sparkling wine that is known as the upper class dining. The airport lounge is similar to that of lavishness hotel. Virgin Atlantic itself is a brand that helps the company to follow differentiation strategies. It has also been concluded that Virgin Atlantic provides two different class systems to the passengers such as economy class and upper class. Sustainability strategy of this firm includes carbon efficiency and new cleaner fuel to reduce wastage of resources. References Abubakar, s.g., 2016. Examining the culture of an organisation, its leadership styles, structure, diversity issues and conflicts: a case study of virgin atlantic, united kingdom.Development,4(2). Agarwal, R., Grassl, W. and Pahl, J., 2012. Meta-SWOT: introducing a new strategic planning tool.Journal of Business Strategy,33(2), pp.12-21. Agha, S., Alrubaiee, L. and Jamhour, M., 2012. Effect of core competence on competitive advantage and organizational performance.International Journal of Business and management,7(1), p.192. Anton, R., 2015. An Integrated Strategy Framework (ISF) for Combining Porter's 5-Forces, Diamond, PESTEL, and SWOT Analysis. Burns, P.M. and Cowlishaw, C., 2014. Climate change discourses: how UK airlines communicate their case to the public.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(5), pp.750-767. Carter, J., 2013. Marketing Plan Example: Virgin Atlantic Little Red. Cgma.org. 2016, Porters Five Forces of Competitive Position Analysis - CGMA. [online] Available at: https://www.cgma.org/Resources/Tools/essential-tools/Pages/porters-five-forces.aspx?TestCookiesEnabled=redirect [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016]. De Brucker, K., Macharis, C. and Verbeke, A., 2013. Multi-criteria analysis and the resolution of sustainable development dilemmas: A stakeholder management approach.European journal of operational research,224(1), pp.122-131. Eyvrigh, G.M., 2016. A REVIEW OF MARKETING STRATEGIES.Kuwait Chapter of the Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review,6(1), p.77. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Grigoletto, M., 2016. La strategia: da Porter a Bowman. Il caso della Singapore airlines. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Jurevicius, O. 2013., Conquer the Challenge of Expansion with McKinsey 7s. [online] Strategic Management Insight. Available at: https://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/tools/mckinsey-7s-model-framework.html [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016]. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Lin, C., Tsai, H.L., Wu, Y.J. and Kiang, M., 2012. A fuzzy quantitative VRIO-based framework for evaluating organizational activities.Management Decision,50(8), pp.1396-1411. Malbai, I. and Br i, R., 2012. Organizational values in managerial communication.Management: Journal of Contemporary Management Issues,17(2), pp.99-118. Mitchell, B.C., Fredendall, L.D. and Cantrell, R.S., 2015. Using McKinseys 7 S Model to Empirically Examine Organizational Effectiveness among the NBA Teams.International Journal of Management Human Resources,3(1). Peng, M.W., 2013.Global strategy. Cengage learning. Porter, M., 2012. Micheal Porter's 5 forces.University of National Economy. Javalgi, RRG, Martin, CL, and Young, RB (2006). Marketing research, market orientation and customer relationship management: a framework and implications for service providers. Journal of Services Marketing,20(1), pp.12-23. Radut, C., 2015. Strategies of change for the hotel industry. Porter, Kotler, Bowmann positions.Knowledge Horizons. Economics,7(4), p.79. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Rothaermel, F.T., 2016. Competitive Advantage in Technology Intensive Industries.Technological Innovation: Generating Economic Results (2nd Edition)(Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation amp,26, pp.233-256. Shakhshir, G., 2014. Positioning Strategies Development.The Annals Of The University Of Oradea,977, pp.416-437. Simo, J. and Diaz, P., 2013. An extended VRIO model as a framework for sustainable tourism planning: a review.Tourism as a Tool for Development,4, p.71. Waligo, V.M., Clarke, J. and Hawkins, R., 2013. Implementing sustainable tourism: A multi-stakeholder involvement management framework.Tourism Management,36, pp.342-353.

Macroeconomics Essays - Real Estate, Apartment, Public Housing

Macroeconomics ECO-2013-Section-77 Kurt Doherty July 29,1999 Assignment #4 To Each His Due All those who live in the United States are accustomed to private property. Everyday situation sometimes lead to what life would be like without it. One can see what the effects are to living in a private society and realize how efficiency and justice are raised to an overall level. This takes place within an apartment building in Washington DC, however many apartments throughout the United States would off the same aspects. Upon living in the apartments, tenants are charged a monthly rent as well as an additional bill for utilities, which includes gas, water, fuel, oil, and electricity. The apartments are considered master metered, which means those living in the apartments are allowed to use as much electricity, water and gas as they want. At the end of the month the utilities are added up and divided amongst the number of tenants and then billed appropriately. However, the idea of master metered brings up the problem of some getting a free ride off those who conserve. For example, take two people who live in the same apartment complex. One of the tenants is very aware of conserving energy. She always turns off the lights when she's out of the room, turns the air up a little in the summer and the heat down in the winter. She basically lives her life being a little uncomfortable for the sake of saving everyone in her building a little money. On the other hand, her neighbor does just the opposite. He never turns out the lights, keeps his apartment ice cold in the summer and nice and toasty in the winter. He even decides against turning his air off when leaves for the weekend, figuring he'll come home to a hot apartment. He feels he is just paying an average of everyone's consumption so why should he not be comfortable? So between the neighbors, the bill at the end of the month remains the same because one gives a little while the other takes. Unfortunately those living in an apartment will never compromise on the use of utilities. However, if the tenants don't abuse their use of the utilities and use only what they need to stay comfortable, the monthly bill will average out to be an acceptable amount. It is un-excusable for someone to leave their lights on all day while they are away at work. At the same time it is just as bad for someone to be cold in their apartment in the wintertime because they are trying to keep the bill down for everyone. Federal spending is managed in the same master meter manner. This occurs because the taxpayers are charged the same rate for projects weather they are financed in their area or not. This allows legislature to act just like greedy tenants in an apartment. They take and take from the money source as fast as possible without recognition of the taxpayers money. Just as stated before, it is important to maintain a balance to keep everyone happy. It is necessary for everyone living in a private society to not only think of themselves but also be aware of how their actions affect others. If everyone keeps taking while others continue to give, sooner or later the givers will give up and the free riders will be stuck without any help from anyone.

Mockery Of Transcendentalism In The Fall Of The House Of Usher Essays

Mockery Of Transcendentalism In The Fall Of The House Of Usher Edgar Allan Poe's Mockery of Transcendentalism in ?The Fall of the House of Usher? Throughout the development of our culture there have been a large number of literary movements. From existentialism to naturalism, humanism to surrealism, they all play an important role in the development of the literature we read today. One important movement during the nineteenth century is known as the transcendentalist movement. Transcendentalism is a form of idealism. In philosophy and literature, it is the belief in a higher reality than that found in sense experience or in a higher kind of knowledge than that achieved by human reason. Nearly all transcendentalist doctrines stem from the division of reality into a realm of spirit and a realm of matter. This movement influenced many great writers such as Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Edgar Allan Poe. While Thoreau and Emerson upheld the beliefs of transcendentalism in nearly all of their works, Poe criticizes those beliefs. This is strongly displayed in his short story ?The Fall of the House of Usher.? Poe mocks transcendentalism in many different ways throughout ?The Fall of the House of Usher.? Rather than the traditional upward spiral, which is very characteristic of transcendentalism, Poe has a continual downward spiral throughout this work. The mockery begins with the description of the house in the opening of the story, and is reflected in nearly every aspect surrounding the house and its occupants. Transcendentalists compose work containing bright colors and heavenly tones. They are optimistic and believe in living in the ?here and now'. Poe ridicules this flowery aspect in the first sentence of the story. It opens in autumn ?during the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day?when the clouds hung oppressively low? in the sky (Poe 95). The gloomy setting is visible throughout the entire story. In the beginning the atmosphere and house are used to set the dreary tone. During the close of the work, a terrible storm surrounds the house. The narrator states that all terrestrial objects immediately around us, were glowing in the unnatural light of a faintly luminous and distinctly visible gaseous exhalation? (108). Within the ending paragraph the ?full and blood-red moon? is used to end the story with its perpetual gloom. Not only is the atmosphere dreary, the actual house is full of despondent features. As the narrator approaches the house he feels ?a sense of insufferable gloom pervading [his] spirit?(95). The term melancholy is used as an adjective to describe the house. The house is covered in fungi and the masonry is decaying. The windows are described as ?vacant? and ?eye-like?. There is a barely visible fissure in the house that runs from top to bottom indicating that it is fated to fall. The house is sometimes referred to as being haunted. As the narrator lies in his bed one evening a feeling of nervousness overcomes his body. He believes that the environment of his room has a strong contribution to his uneasiness. The story states that the bewildering influence of the gloomy furniture of the room-of the dark and tattered draperies leads to the narrator's sleepless night (107). All of these features are contradictory to what transcendentalists would believe. The setting and house are described with a strong negative aspect that is not customary to transcendentalist works. Not only do the setting and the house exhibit mockery of transcendentalism, but the characters do as well. Each character has his/her own unique contribution to Poe's ridicule of transcendentalism. Roderick Usher, the owner of the House of Usher, plays an important role throughout this work. Through his appearance and actions he is vital to the argument that Poe mocks transcendentalism. Roderick is described as having ?lips somewhat thin and very pallid? (99). He is said to have a ghastly pallor of the skin. He suffers from ?morbid acuteness of the senses? (100). He suffers from a mental illness that will eventually lead to his death. He can only eat a small variety of foods, only wear certain textures of clothing, and flowers are seen as oppressive to him. The faintest of lights and nearly all sounds bother Roderick. This lack of light is

Informative Essay Sample about Procrastination

Informative Essay Sample about Procrastination An informative essay is a well-known type of a paper that is used to evaluate the knowledge of students in schools and colleges, and its main task is giving the reader detailed information about the unknown subject. The informative essay should not have many unknown terms, and if they are used, their simple explanation should be given. The structure of the essay is standard the introduction, the main body, and the conclusion, where the main body should express the general history of the concept, historical event, person, or object, approaches to its study, and the importance of the described object. The topic of an informative essay sample should not cover too broad concepts, or, conversely, too narrow field of knowledge, and must be interesting for both the author and the reader. Before starting to work, the writer has to find reliable sources of information, properly study them and emphasize the main points that should be mentioned in the essay. This type of paper involves the pre sentation of the main facts of the topic without additional analysis and personal conclusions – only information for the reader. To clearly understand the structure and writing features of the essay, one could consider the informative essay example given below. ‘The Procrastination’ Essay Sample The habit of postponing important cases to the last moment often becomes a huge problem for people since it affects the quality of work, financial situation, and personal life. One can hear the common myth that the prevalence of the Internet, TV, and electronic devices exacerbates this problem even more than decades ago. Moreover, it is known that people under pressure work better and faster, that makes procrastination a good thing, but numerous studies show the other side of this habit, and scientists include it in the list of mental diseases. In this regard, one should mention that the main reason why people postpone everything until the last moment is not hindering factors, laziness, or inability to manage time but psycho-emotional problems of a person. In simple words, procrastination is a phenomenon of people choosing quick and less critical tasks to perform instead of significant ones that take a longer time to complete because they want to get results faster and self-assert them. In other words, a person is not just lazy or does not want to do the necessary task. Instead, he/she is subconsciously afraid to proceed to the work realization because of its importance or scale. Moreover, scientists noted that in any country and at any time there are 20% of people who are marked as chronic procrastinators or procs. The main problem of procs is that they cannot emotionally overstep themselves if they are faced with a difficult task and postpone it until the deadline or even after it. Procrastination is a phenomenon that is mistakenly attributed to the problems of modernity, but its existence was noted centuries ago, in the times of ancient Greece. One of the evidence of this statement is the words that were written at 800 BC by the Gre ek poet Hesiod, who said: â€Å"Put your work off till tomorrow and the day after.† Similar trends can be noted in various books and films of the past, and that is why blaming modern technologies for the intensification of procrastination is incorrect. At the same time, the scientists note three main traits that are inherent for chronic procrastinators, for instance, they usually suffer from their inaction, postpone difficult tasks because of their emotions, and do not learn from past mistakes. The first feature is expressed in the fact that postponing important tasks, the procrastinators are aware of the consequences of their actions and feel fear, anxiety, or torment of conscience but still do not proceed to the task. The second trait is expressed in the fact that people feel insecure in their desire to complete a task and explain this by a bad mood. Therefore, they postpone it in the hope that when the mood improves, they are able to return to the task. Consequently, the rapidly approaching deadline makes the person more stressed and reduces the ability to resist emotions that lead to the worse mood and another postponement. The third feature is that despite the experience gained in past cases of procrastination, people do not l earn to avoid unpleasant consequences but only feel more stress caused by understanding future complications. Thus, these manifestations are, at the same time, causes and consequences of procrastination and are associated primarily with the emotional problems of the person. While for ordinary people procrastination remains a reason for jokes, scientists have approached this issue with all responsibility having conducted diverse researches on the topic. One of the most effective methods was empirical tests on groups of volunteers, which clearly showed manifestations of procrastination associated with various external factors. The good example of the study was published in Psychological Science when one group of students was told that at the end of the lesson they have to write unimportant and fun math test, and another group thought that the result of this test would seriously influence their further education. The time before the test could be used for preparation or entertainment. As a result, the second group of chronic procrastinators deferred studying knowing that the test results are significant. The experiment clearly showed that procrastination is associated with the control of emotions and not time. Another method that scientists tried to apply to research this issue is neuropsychology. Since some parts of the frontal lobe of the brain are responsible for human self-control, the study of the connection between procrastination and reactions in this part of the brain is expected to conduct. Nevertheless, the outcomes of the study were unexpected since chronic procrastinators had powerful connections with all the parts that are responsible for the different manifestation of self-control. These results most likely connect with the fact that the people themselves explained their feelings, so they were aware of their behavior. However, the research has led to the development of the methods that procrastinators can effectively use to solve their problem. First of all, it is worth noting once again that the influence can and should be exerted primarily by controlling emotions, but not thorough concentration on time-management skills. It is useful to observe one’s personal reaction to procrastination and analyze one to overcome the problem. For someone, it is a problem of self-control, for another person, it is the importance of the task or its complexity. In the first case, it may be useful to limit all distractions, such as calls, TV, or the Internet, but without the proper attitude for overcoming procrastination, this method does not give a positive result. Another effective way is dividing a massive task into several small ones with the establishment of personal deadlines for their implementation or a rewarding for early delivery of work instead of punishment after the deadline. In addition, dealing with procrastination may require seeing a therapist who will help to overcome the emotional barrier and realize the importance of completing tasks on time for the person due to his or her specific problems. Therefore, it can be noted that the study of procrastination on the part of science has led to the realization that this phenomenon can be a serious problem that threatens the mental and physical health of a person. In spite of this, not every postponing is a manifestation of procrastination, as well as not every person is a chronic procrastinator, but almost every person experiences this phenomenon at least once in the lifetime. In addition, the researches made it possible to understand the origins of this problem and, consequently, the ways of its resolving. Procrastination is primarily a problem of a person’s perception and the ability to overcome one’s emotional barriers, while the correct approach to solving this problem and therapy if needed could give fast positive results. Post-writing Tips This example of an informative essay includes the main parts that are necessary for writing academic work that includes an introduction with a clearly formulated thesis, the main body with precise explanations and statistical data, and a conclusion that summarizes all the information proposed in the essay. The informative essay sample presented above does not contain generalizations or personal interpretations of the author but only solid facts that explain the essence of the chosen topic to the reader. The conclusion of the essay does not contain new information or a personal response of the author but briefly summarizes the main ideas. In order to create an informative essay, remember that the vocabulary should include simple definitions and emotionally neutral terms. At the same time, one can make an exception and use direct quotations, so that the reader can easily get acquainted with the presented information. Writing an informative essay does not require analysis or synthesis of the obtained data since the main task of the author is to explain the main issues of the chosen topic briefly and clearly, revealing its essence to an uninformed reader. We hope that the tips and example of the essay are useful and will facilitate the task of writing this type of academic work. References Jaffe, Eric. â€Å"Why Wait? The Science Behind Procrastination.† Association for Psychological Science, 2013, https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/why-wait-the-science-behind-procrastination Council, Forbes Coaches. â€Å"10 Ways To Beat Procrastination And Get Things Done.† Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 22 Mar. 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2018/03/22/10-ways-to-beat-procrastination-and-get-things-done/#2d6307f02902 Murphy, Heather. â€Å"What We Finally Got Around to Learning at the Procrastination Research Conference.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 21 July 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/21/science/procrastination-research-conference.html Herrera, Tim. â€Å"Why Your Brain Tricks You Into Doing Less Important Tasks.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 9 July 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/smarter-living/eisenhower-box-productivity-tips.html

English for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

English for Business - Essay Example Non-verbal communication can be broadly grouped into two categories that is, nonverbal communications created by the body and nonverbal communications created by other settings like time, space, and silence. The type of the non-verbal communication to be used depend on the situations and the cultural background of the parties involved in communication. In a communication setting, each party should understand the different types of non-verbal signals used and their interpretations so that they understand one another (Lubin, 2011). Non-verbal communication is an important feature of communication especially in a high-context culture (Andrews University, n.d.).   It functions include repeating and emphasizing a verbal message pointing into the one direction while illustrating directions. Moreover, it can be used to accent a verbal message by tone variation that shows the concrete meaning of certain words. In addition, it complements the verbal message and can also contradict according to different cultures. For example, the head node among the Americans and Africans reinforces a positive message, but among the Chinese, it reinforces negative message. Furthermore, a wink contradicts stated affirmative message but reinforces the statement as positive among Chinese. Nonverbal cues also control interactions, for example, they convey when the other party should speak or not speak in a conversation. They can also be used to substitute for the verbal communication especially if an individual has lost voice tone through illness (Lubin, 2011). They can use gestures like finger to lips to show the necessity for silence, facial expressions, for example, a nod to mean yes among Americans. This type of communication is important in intercultural interaction situations and accounts for the distinctive difficulties in communication across cultures. The non-verbal communication among different cultures can be explained in various means of communication without the use of